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September (Roman month) : ウィキペディア英語版
September (Roman month)

September (from Latin ''septem'', "seven") or ''mensis September'' was originally the seventh of ten months on the ancient Roman calendar that began with March (''mensis Martius'', "Mars' month"). It had 29 days. After the reforms that resulted in a 12-month year, September became the ninth month, but retained its name. September followed what was originally Sextilis, the "sixth" month, renamed ''Augustus'' in honor of the first Roman emperor, and preceded October, the "eighth" month that like September retained its numerical name contrary to its position on the calendar. A day was added to September in the mid-40s BC as part of the Julian calendar reform.
September has none of the archaic festivals that are marked in large letters for other months on extant Roman ''fasti''. Instead, about half the month is devoted to the ''Ludi Romani'', "Roman Games", which developed as votive games for Jupiter Optimus Maximus ("Jupiter Best and Greatest"). The ''Ludi Romani'' are the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC. On the Ides of September (the 13th), Jupiter was honored with a public banquet, the ''Epulum Jovis''.〔H.H. Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 182–183.〕 A nail-driving ritual in the temple marked the passing of the political year during the Republican era, and in the earliest period, the consuls took office on the Ides of September.〔J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.17.1 (1981), p. 12.〕 The month was often represented in art by the grape harvest.
September was the birth month of no fewer than four major Roman emperors, including Augustus. The emperor Commodus renamed the month after either himself or Hercules—an innovation that was repealed after his murder in 192. In the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, the year began with September on some calendars, and was the beginning of the imperial tax year.
==In the agricultural year==
For the month of September, ancient farmers' almanacs ''(menologia rustica)'' take note of the autumnal equinox on September 24, and the equal number of daylight and nocturnal hours. They note that the month began with the sun in the astrological sign of Virgo, and was under the guardianship ''(tutela)'' of Volcanus (the god Vulcan). On an unspecified date an ''Epulum Minervae'' (Banquet of Minerva) is to be held, probably as part of the general ''epulum'' on the Ides.〔Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies,'' pp. 182–183.〕
The farmer is instructed to coat wine vessels with pitch, pick apples, and loosen the compacted soil around trees.〔Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies,'' p. 182.〕 In his agricultural treatise, Varro assigns farmers additional tasks in the period from the rising of Sirius to the equinox. Straw must be cut, haystacks pitched, arable land ploughed, fodder gathered, and well-watered meadows mown a second time.〔Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies,'' p. 182.〕 Columella specifies that sloping ground should be ploughed between the Kalends (1st) and the Ides (13th).〔Columella, ''De re rustica'' 2.4.11; Daryn Lehoux, ''Astronomy, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World: Parapegmata and Related Texts in Classical and Near-Eastern Societies'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 50–51.〕

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